The INAH3 size of the homosexual men was apparently smaller than that of the heterosexual males, and bigger than that of the heterosexual ladies, though neither difference quite reached statistical significance. In 2011 and 2014, the Journal of Cognition and Culture revealed two studies that discovered that Canadian homosexual males exhibited considerably higher altruistic tendencies towards kin versus non-kin kids relative to heterosexual women and men, but didn't find that Canadian homosexual males exhibited considerably larger altruistic conduct in direction of nieces and nephews over geographic disconnect. In 2018, Archives of Sexual Behavior published a examine evaluating avuncular tendencies between heterosexual and homosexual males on Java in Indonesia that discovered that homosexual males reported an increased willingness to transfer resources and cash toward nephews and nieces but only reduced the direct reproductive cost to homosexual males by 20%, with the researchers concluding that kin choice alone was an insufficient clarification of male homosexuality. In 2017, Archives of Sexual Behavior revealed a study investigating variations in fertility charges of the paternal and maternal biological relatives of 191 fa'afafine and 191 homosexual Samoan male subjects that found that the mothers and maternal grandmothers of fa'afafine showed elevated fertility as in contrast with homosexual males however not for paternal grandmothers or aunts, which led the researchers to conclude that their findings in Samoa for an antagonistic pleiotropy clarification of homosexuality offered only equivocal assist.
